This finding is in accordance with our previous observations that T. solium infection induces expression of type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 at the small intestinal mucosa surrounding the scolex of the tapeworms and with studies showing that calreticulin from the mouse nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus induces expression of IL-4 and IL-10 during infection [20, 39]. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and infection.