Regarding HNSCC, several phase III studies are currently exploring the utility of checkpoint inhibitors; specifically, the humanized monoclonal PD-1 specific antibody pembrolizumab [NCT02564263, NCT02358031, NCT02252042], recently approved for the treatment of melanoma and lung cancer (two cancer types with high mutational burden; [25, 26, 176–178]) and tremelimumab (fully human antibody against CTLA-4) with or without durvalumab (Fc optimized monoclonal antibody against the PD1 ligand 1; NCT02551159). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.