One exception is the transcription factor E2F1, which is normally inhibited by RB1 (Fig. 1b; [56]); it is the only cell cycle regulator identifier by the TCGA study as being predominantly altered in HPV+ cases (19 % activated via amplification of chromosome 20q11, seen in only in 2 % of HPV- HNSCC; Fig. 1a and b). This evidence concerns the gene E2F1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.