Compared to HC, both AHB and ACLF patients favored the Th17 cells differentiation, accompanied by a higher proportion of peripheral Th17 cells and high level of serum IL-17A (P < 0.01 for both). Both Th17 frequency and plasma IL-17A levels correlated positively with ALT and TB levels among those with CHB. In asymptomatic HBV carriers, by contrast, there was a favoritism to Treg differentiation. Both CHB and ACLF had lower Treg/Th17 ratio than in HC (P < 0.05); and this correlated inversely with TB levels (r = −0.41, P = 0.004). The gene discussed is IL17A; the disease is tuberculosis.