Specifically, nutritional ATI proteins from wheat were reported to activate the TLR4–MD2–CD14 complex15 according to a lipopolysaccharide-like mechanism, and elicit strong innate immune effects in vitro and in vivo, with consequent profound implications both in gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders (celiac disease, gluten sensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease), and in non-intestinal inflammation. Here, TLR4 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.