TGFB1 and carcinoma: In IHC-defined ER-negative breast cancers transforming growth factor (TGF)-β response [42] and hypoxia response gene sets [43] were activated in carcinomas with visceral-only metastases compared with those that did not metastasise (Additional file 2: Figure S3B), while TGF-β response and hypoxia response gene sets were associated with time to lung metastasis (Additional file 2: Figure S3D).