The genes include transcriptional factors promoting early lymphoid cell development, e.g., PAX5, IKZF1, EBF1, ETV6, LMO2, which were detected in ∼40% of B-ALL cases [50], and other genes including tumor suppressor genes and cell cycle regulators (e.g., TP53, RB1, CDKN2A/CDKN2B), cytokine receptor (e.g., CRLF2, RPOR), kinase (e.g., ABL1, ABL2, CSF1R, JAK2, PDGFRB), Ras signaling pathway (e.g., KRAS, NF1, NRAS, PTPN11), lymphoid signaling (e.g., BTLA, CD200), and epigenetic modification (e.g., EZH2, CREBBP, SETD2, MLL2, NSD2) [46, 50]. Here, ABL1 is linked to precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.