CD274 and neoplasm: Considering the conflicting results of the PD-L1 association with TILs and prognosis according to tumor types or even within the same type of tumors [27, 33, 34], PD-L1 expression of tumor or recruited number of TILs might not be a surrogate marker for the final status of effective immune evasion, but a marker of active immune response by tumor cells to evade anti-tumor immune attack by host TILs, regardless of its effectiveness.