Finally, in our previous study, c-Jun knockdown barely rescued the VRK1-enhanced invasive phenotype of ESCC cells that constitutively overexpressed VRK1, which indicated that signaling pathways other than VRK1/c-Jun/c-MYC might mediate the pro-invasive effect of VRK1 in ESCC. This evidence concerns the gene JUN and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.