STAT3 and cholangiocarcinoma: A schema summarizing the molecular mechanism of SC-43 in sensitive CCA cells is presented in Figure 5D: SC-43 activates SHP-1 phosphatase by impairing the inhibitory N-SH2 domain, and contributes to p-STAT3, downstream cyclin B1 and Cdc2 downregulation, leading to G2-M arrest and cancer cell apoptosis.