Irrebuttable, there was a significantly lower overall survival rate for astrocytoma patients with high expression of HSP10 protein compared to those with low expression of HSP10 (P = 0.001, Fig 3A), and the same with high expression of HSP10 and low expression of c-PARP in the common expression section (P = 0.019, Fig 3C). Here, HSPE1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).