Consequently, the transcription of downstream targets such as NPPA (natriuretic peptide A), FOXO1 (Forkhead box O1), GATA4 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45; mediates active DNA demethylation pathways), TBX3 (T-box 3) and SMAD7 (SMAD family member 7) were found significantly upregulated, thus promoting cardiac hypertrophy [96]. The gene discussed is SMAD7; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.