IL9 and rheumatoid arthritis: The levels of Th9 cells, which are specialised for producing IL-9, but can also produce IL-10, IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22, are increased in the bloodstream and synovial membranes of RA patients, where they are directly related to the degree of lymphoid organisation and the production of autoantibodies, such as anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs).