During liver tumourigenesis, TGF-β may behave as a suppressor factor at early stages; however, strong evidences suggest that overactivation of its signalling could later contribute to tumour progression, once cells escape from its cytostatic effects.21 For these reasons, targeting the TGF-β signalling pathway is being explored to counteract liver disease progression.22 The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.