TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: CAV1 affects TGF-β/-Smad (canonical) and non-Smad (non-canonical) signalling and thus can determine the cellular outcome upon TGF-β challenge.13, 14 Indeed, CAV1 is required for the non-canonical signalling pathways that mediate anti-apoptotic signals triggered by TGF-β in hepatocytes,15, 16 although nothing is known about whether it has a similar role in HCC cells.