Treatment strategies affecting B cell survival, comprised of anti-BAFF with or without simultaneous blockade of a proliferation-inducing ligand (i.e., belimumab, tabalumab, and atacicept), have failed to show sufficient efficacy in clinical trials for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (29–34). This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF13B and systemic lupus erythematosus.