IFNB1 and cytomegalovirus infection: The residual expression of IFNB1 transcripts induced by HCMV infection in STING KD cells was possibly mediated by the remaining STING protein and/or other innate immune signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 9 (Figure 1B, compare lane 4 with 1) (Juckem et al., 2008; DeFilippis et al., 2010; Gariano et al., 2012).