To assess if the effects of S1P1 signaling observed in mice also occur in human Treg cells, we compared blood samples obtained from relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients treated with the S1P1 inhibitor, fingolimod, to subjects with MS treated with dimethyl fumarate treatment, or no therapy, with age and gender matched healthy controls (Fig. 6). This evidence concerns the gene S1PR1 and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.