NFKB1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: To determine if prebiotic dampening of NF-κB or MAPK can be recapitulated in vivo, we employed a neonatal murine model of endotoxemia whereby pups postnatal day 10 of life were gavaged with a single administration of inulin or scFOS (10 mg/g each) followed by a LPS challenge (Fig. 5a) [13].