For emphysema, in the case-control cohorts of COPDGene and ECLIPSE, the salmon module was the best candidate module (meta p = 0.06), which was overrepresented in several immune response GO terms, and in particular, cytokine and interferon related terms; both cytokine response and interferon gamma levels were associated with COPD outcomes [32]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and pulmonary emphysema.