LEP and Hyperinsulinemia: It is important, however, to recognize potential sex-specific responsiveness to interventions and there is not a “one size fits all.” This was highlighted in the leptin intervention studies whereby sexually dimorphic responses to neonatal leptin treatment were reported (83, 84) and, importantly, early leptin treatment to male offspring of control pregnancies has the potential to induce an adverse metabolic phenotype in adulthood including hyperinsulinemia and increased adiposity (84).