Results from studies using conditioned medium to understand the mechanism of myotube atrophy have shown involvement of a number of cancer cell secreted factors (TNFα, IL-6, LIF), and target cell signaling proteins and transcription factors such as C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, STAT3, P38 (Zhang et al., 2011; Puppa et al., 2014; Seto et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2015; Bohnert et al., 2016; Fukawa et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene LIF and cancer.