Specifically, the scaffold loaded with 6% strain and 1 Hz frequency showed a good level of gene expression for AF tissue markers and some ECM proteins, while showed significantly lower expression of osteogenic differentiation markers (ALP and RUNX-2) and the catabolic proteins genes (MMP-2 and MMP-13) that are associated with AF degeneration. The gene discussed is MMP13; the disease is atrial fibrillation.