In ANCA-associated vasculitis, CD28 was found to be downregulated on circulating and lesional CD4+ T- cells [46] and CD4+CD28- T-cells have been described as the major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines (particularly IFN-γ and TNF-α) in Wegener’s Granulomatosis [47]. Here, TNF is linked to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.