Interestingly, integrin beta-3 has been associated with the progression of glioblastoma45 with attenuated integrin beta-3 expression resulting in glioblastoma cells becoming senescent.46 The integrin alpha-V-beta-3 complex regulates cancer cell survival and proliferation by signalling through the ERK1/ERK2 MAPK pathway in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.47 Moreover, a recent study has shown that integrin beta-3 is a marker and regulator of senescence, activating the TGF-β pathway leading to senescence in human primary fibroblasts. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and breast cancer.