PTK2 and colonic neoplasm: Indeed, one study showed that colon cancer with metastasis exhibited higher expression of Sphk1/S1P than those without metastasis, and another study showed that the expression levels of Sphk1, the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) were higher in colorectal cancers in comparison with their adjacent non-cancer tissues [56,57].