The absence of TNFα secretion in MAVS KO cells correlated with their decreased level of apoptosis in response to SeV infection (Fig. 5a, b), and supplementation of MAVS KO cells with TNFα, but not IFNβ, significantly increased apoptosis upon infection with SeV HD (Fig. 5e) or LD (Supplementary Fig. 5d, e). This evidence concerns the gene MAVS and infection.