Compared to controls, the patients with prediabetes and T2D had higher BMI, prevalence of family history of diabetes and hypertension, higher levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), 2-h post-glucose load, HbA1C, lower plasma calcium and magnesium concentration. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.