PTEN and neoplasm: These include the tumor-suppressor genes VHL, which is involved in the degradation of hypoxia inducible factor and is associated with both the sporadic and familial forms of KIRC [15]; PBRM1, a gene involved in chromatin remodeling [19, 20]; BAP1; and PTEN. Notably, in KIRC it is the tumor-suppressor genes that are most prone to mutation, whereas in other cancer types mutation is most common in oncogenes.