S100A8 and infection: To further validate the role of CagA in autophagy regulation, we next infected AGS cells with the H. pylori wide-type (Hp-WT), H. pylori cagA-knockout mutant (Hp-ΔcagA) or H. pylori cagA-knockout complementation (Hp-c-cagA) (MOI = 100:1), which strains the expression of VacA is similar during infection (Supplementary Figure 2A), and evaluated the kinetics of autophagosome formation by a GFP-MAP1LC3B puncta formation assay.