HPN and posterior cortical atrophy: Several genes identified as differentially expressed by O-miner have previously been identified as PCa biomarkers including PCA3, DLX1, single-minded homolog 2 (SIM2), hepsin (HPN), HOXC6, AMACR (Figure 7A) as well as MYC, forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), PTEN, RUNX2, MET, RB1, EGF, ERG, EZH2, FOXA1 and SPINK. The most significantly DEG PCA3 encodes prostate cancer gene 3, which is a widely used urine biomarker for PCa [38].