As androgens are known to prevent astrocytosis [28,29,30,31,32,33], our results raise the possibility that in males and females suffering from progressive forms of MS, activation of the AR is somehow defective and fails to downregulate a large set of progliotic genes induced by the TGFB/SMAD1/SMAD2 pathway. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD1 and myeloid sarcoma.