ATG12 and prostate cancer: Exogenous overexpression of the lncRNA, prostate cancer gene expression marker 1 (PCGEM1), can increase the mRNA levels of Beclin 1, ATG3, ATG5 and ATG12, indicating that PCGEM1 may be involved in the induction of autophagy, and promote the proliferation of human synoviocytes.100 PCGEM1 expression is associated positively with mortality rate in African-American patients with prostate cancer, probably because of PCGEM1-induced autophagy.101 However, further analysis is required to confirm whether and how PCGEM1 affects autophagy.