ALB and malnutrition: Furthermore, severe chronic inflammation (WBC count ≥ 10,000/μL, risk score = 2), anemia (hemoglobin < 12 g/dL, risk score = 3) and malnutrition (albumin < 3.5 g/dL, risk score = 4; BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, risk score = 3), which are often involved in the intricate mechanisms of sarcopenia and frailty30, would incur the highest mortality risk for the investigated cohort.