Indeed, a recent study suggests that whole blood cells from patients with RA show increased expression of NLRP3 and secretion of NLRP3-mediated IL-1β via TLR3 and TLR4, but not TLR2, activation that is driven by caspase-1 and caspase-8 [64]. The gene discussed is TLR3; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.