These high levels of extracellular ATP in the tumor microenvironment inhibit tumor growth through the P2X7 receptor, i.e. stimulating antitumor immune responses via P2X7-NLRP3 inflammasome activation [14–16] as well as exerting P2X7-directed cytotoxicity in tumor cells and tumor vascular endothelial cells (thereby limiting angiogenesis) [4, 7, 8, 10, 17–25]. Here, NLRP3 is linked to neoplasm.