TWIST1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Here, we suggest not only the positive modulation of Hedgehog-GLI1 gene expression but also positive induction of the mTOR pathway (Figure 2), in line with very recent reports describing an association between the mTOR and 4E-BP1 pathways, which are under TWIST1 transcriptional control, and poorer overall survival in NSCLC patients [28], as well as the involvement of TWIST1-Snail, linked to the Hedgehog pathway, in a chemoresistant cancer stem cell-like phenotype [25].