Based on the characteristics of the glucose metabolism of tumor cells and the kinase activity of PFKFB3, Kessler et al. analyzed the expression of PFKFB3 in 40 human astrocytoma and 20 normal brain tissue samples and found that PFKFB3 protein levels in high-grade astrocytoma were significantly increased compared to low-grade astrocytoma and the corresponding normal brain tissue, while PFKFB3 mRNA were not increased [34]. This evidence concerns the gene PFKFB3 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).