To visualize gene expression level of the 5 most intersecting genes: CDK1, CCNB2, MAD2L1, PPARG, and ACACB, we used pheatmap package implemented in R to generate a heatmap (Figure 4) to detect the gene expression differences between normal ductal cells and DCIS. Here, MAD2L1 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.