However, more sophisticated glycaemic measures such as the insulin suppression test or euglycemic clamp (considered the ‘gold standard’ estimate of peripheral insulin sensitivity) or proinsulin [adjusted for FI, equivalent to the proinsulin:insulin ratio, an indicator of beta-cell stress (14)], may, in combination with other glycaemic traits (FG, 2hG, HOMA-B and HbA1c), provide insights into diabetes pathophysiology, and possible disease stratification. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.