We found that GBP2−/− BMDMs mimicked GBPchr3−/− BMDMs in their unresponsiveness to E. coli infections, as measured by LDH release as a marker of cell death (Fig. 3A) and secretion of IL-1β (Fig. 3B) and IL-18 (Fig. 3C). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and escherichia coli infection.