TNF and diabetes mellitus: Indeed, we observed significant reduction in populations of IFN-γ and TNF-α expressing CD4+ T cells in both spleen and PLNs (Figures 3C,D, respectively), while IL-4 expressing CD4+ T cells remained virtually unchanged (Figure 3E), suggesting that amelioration of diabetes in transgenic mice may not be due to overriding effect of IL-4 expressing T helper 2 cells.