Anti-TNF plus albendazole combination-treated animals showed decreased presence of total macrophages [identified as CD45+CD11b+Ly6G-CD64+ cells, Figure S4c], consistent with data obtained in IBD patients upon response to anti-TNF.4 The macrophages present were further analysed for expression of Ly6C and CD206, which have been described to differentiate between immunosuppressive and inflammatory subsets.15 In placebo-treated animals, over half of macrophages were Ly6ChighCD206low, consistent with an inflammatory phenotype [Figure 5a]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.