CX3CR1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Cardona et al. demonstrated that CX3CR1 deficient mice either stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), given neurotoxins to induce Parkinson's disease symptoms, or genetically modified to induce amyotrophic lateral sclerosis resulted in more neurodegeneration than controls (Cardona et al., 2006).