In the early stages of cancer development, TGF-β inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis occur via a variety of mechanisms, viz., enhancing levels of pro-apoptotic Bcl (Bim) or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, or suppressing those of Myc, Id1/2 or survivin [12, 13]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.