It is worth noting that the activity of TGF-β in a tumor microenvironment is not solely pro-cancerous, per analogy to the activity of CAFs [26], e.g., mutations in the tumor suppressor gene APC combined with inactivation of TGFBR2 in epithelial intestinal cells enabled the malignant transformation and invasion of colorectal carcinoma in a mouse model [36]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.