CSF3 and infection: To counteract the negative impact of CIN, short and long-acting recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) are used to promote the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of neutrophils, thereby reducing the duration and severity of CIN as well as the incidence of severe neutropenia (SN), FN and infection-related mortality (Crawford et al., 1991; Trillet-Lenoir et al., 1993; Kuderer et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2015).