Even though a differential regulation of the immune system and classical AD biomarkers (tau, p-tau, Aβ42) could be observed in both diseases (Andreasen et al., 1998; Paraskevas et al., 2009; Schmitz et al., 2015), the reliability of accuracy of these makers discriminating AD from VaD was not comparable to other diagnostic test systems of dementia diseases, such as assays of 14-3-3, tau or misfolded protein aggregates (Cramm et al., 2015, 2016; Schmitz et al., 2016a,b). The gene discussed is MAPT; the disease is dementia.