S100B and Alzheimer disease: In addition to classical markers in AD, such as total tau, p-tau, and Aβ42, we focused on alternative markers for neuronal degeneration for the first time, such as 14-3-3 (Sanchez-Juan et al., 2006; Schmitz et al., 2016b) and NSE (Zerr et al., 1995), both related to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease due to massive neuronal degeneration, as well as S100B and YKL-40, two well-known markers of astrocytosis in neurodegenerative pathologies (Rothermundt et al., 2003; Bonneh-Barkay et al., 2010; Craig-Schapiro et al., 2010).