SMPD1 and Sepsis: In addition to the beneficial effect of partial deficiency of SMPD1 in a bile duct ligation21 as well as in a Fas-mediated apoptosis model25, we infer from our sepsis model that residual activity of SMPD1 in smpd1+/− mice is sufficient to prevent maladaptive effects caused by the overwhelming activity in smpd1+/+ animals.