[1] For example, the chronic infections HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis—that together cause more than 5 million deaths annually and continue to elude conventional vaccine development [2]—are all associated with an expansion of somatically hypermutated CD21−CD27−CXCR3+CD11c+ B cells that upregulate inhibitory receptors and exhibit decreased effector function [3–6], a subset of memory B cells (MBCs) that has been referred to as ‘atypical’ or ‘exhausted’. This evidence concerns the gene ITGAX and malaria.