IL5 and malaria: In a longitudinal analysis of serum collected from children at their healthy baseline before the malaria season, during acute febrile malaria, and 7 days post anti-malarial treatment, we confirmed in the present study population that acute febrile malaria tends to induce Th1-skewed cytokine production, with no IL-5 or IL-13 detected at any time point (Fig 8)—a response that has been associated with the activation of Tfh-1 cells that exhibit impaired B cell helper function in children [13] as well as germinal center dysfunction in Plasmodium-infected mice.