TLR3 and HIV-1 infection: To test the potential antiviral effect of the TLRs, mononuclear cells isolated from the samples were stimulated by TLR agonists 72 h prior to HIV-1 infection: PolyI:C (TLR3), LPS (TLR4), R848 (TLR7/8) and the CpG ODN (TLR9).