PNPLA3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: To investigate whether the identified rare variants were individually associated with NAFLD, non-synonymous rare variants other than singletons, rs148469440 (PNPLA3 c.697-5C > A), and the wzell-known NAFLD-associated common SNPs (rs738409 and rs58542926) were genotyped using the TaqMan genotyping assay system in 3014 individuals from the Japanese population.